Chaenomeles × superba 'CRIMSON AND GOLD' Japanese quince

Chaenomeles

The genus Chaenomeles comprises three to four species of deciduous shrubs in the rose family, native to eastern Asia. Botanically they are characterised by short thorny shoots, glossy leaves and striking flowers that appear very early in spring, often before the foliage. The genus was defined by Carl Peter Thunberg (1743–1828), who separated it from Cydonia on the basis of differences in floral structure and fruit morphology. The fruits resemble small, hard quinces with a strong fragrance and a high pectin content, which makes the genus easy to recognise both in the wild and in gardens.

In China, flowering quinces have a long history of cultivation and appear in classical gardens as symbols of resilience and spring renewal. Their fruits are used to make syrups, teas and medicinal decoctions, and the plants are often planted in compositions with plums and pines. In Japan, their cultural significance is even stronger: they rank among the most popular flowering shrubs of early spring, and their early bloom has become part of the traditional visual vocabulary. They appear in paintings, ceramics, textiles and everyday household objects, and they are among the most common bonsai species thanks to their ability to flower abundantly on old wood and because their striking blossoms are ideally sized for miniaturisation. In Europe, flowering quinces became popular for their hardiness, their ability to bloom when the garden is still dormant, and their suitability for forming dense, impenetrable hedges.

Chaenomeles × superba is a garden hybrid arising from crosses between C. japonica and C. speciosa. The first spontaneous hybrids appeared shortly after C. japonica was introduced to European gardens in 1869, but their mixed parentage was not initially recognised and they were sold as forms of Cydonia maulei – the original name under which the Japanese quince was grown. Only later was one of these forms described as var. superba, which Rehder designated as the type of the entire hybrid group C. × superba. Today, most of the low-growing quinces cultivated in gardens belong to this group. Hybrid plants are typically low, broadly spreading shrubs about 1.2–1.5 m tall. In foliage they stand between the two parents: the leaves are larger than those of C. japonica, but smaller and less finely serrated than in C. speciosa. The character of the young shoots leans toward the Japanese parent – rough and slightly downy in the first year, becoming warty in the second – whereas C. speciosa has smooth shoots. The flowers show remarkable colour variability, ranging from white and pink through orange tones to deep red, and they appear very early in spring, often before the leaves emerge.